Fish farming can be a profitable business if you properly organize the livestock reproduction cycle. When choosing a type of fish, fish farmers have to take into account their nutritional value, requirements for growing conditions, maintenance costs, weight gain rate and much more.
Carp
This delicious fish is domesticated carp. The first carps were brought back by the ancient Chinese. They look like crucian carp. But carps are bigger. Their body is more elongated, cylindrical. The back is thicker and wider. Lips carp is similar to a bream - they are large and thick. Scales - with a golden tint. A wide fin runs all over the back. The tail is red and the lower fins are dark purple.
In length, adult carps reach 30-60 cm. On average, young fish weighs 0.5-0.6 kg. But this is only the beginning, carp, increasing over the years, can reach 1 m in length and weigh up to 25 kg.
There are two types of carp - scaly and mirror. The latter is distinguished by larger scales, which covers only certain parts of the body.
Terms. Carp is unpretentious. He loves warmth. Water temperature favorable for growth is from 18 to 28-30 ° C. With decreasing temperature, growth slows down. The oxygen concentration is from 5 mg / l. When oxygen is reduced to 2 mg / l, carp can die. The optimum acidity of the water is pH 6.5-8.5. It is impossible for the pH to drop below 4-4.5 and rise above 10.5.
Feeding. Carp is omnivorous. In order for carp growth to be 1 kg per year, they should receive 4000-5000 kcal. Proteins should be between 35-60%, fat - 1%, carbohydrates - no more than 25%. They need vitamins and minerals. Carp is fed with special feed mixtures from oilcake, meal, cereals, bone meal, etc.
Reproduction. Puberty occurs in 3-6 years - depending on the climate. For reproduction, mature females and males are acquired, which are placed in a pond of 5-10 square meters. m. The depth of the pond is 30-50 cm. It is connected to the main pond by a groove and a shutter with a net is placed.
Breeding. The easiest way to get fry at a fish farm. It is almost impossible to grow fry from caviar on your own. You can also buy one-year-old carps which are bred in:
- Ponds. If it is a natural body of water, just clean it and provide the fish with plant food. You can build an artificial pond - its depth should be from 1 m, area - 15-150 cubic meters. m
- Pools. They populate only after the formation of microflora. Water is periodically enriched with oxygen, if necessary, pump and drain it.
Wintering. In nature, carps hibernate. To prevent the fish from dying, it is necessary to maintain the temperature at 0 ° C and aeration of the water. The second option is suitable for amateur breeding - wintering in indoor aquariums.
Karasi
Crucian carp have a long fin, and the body is tall with a thick back. On the sides - moderately compressed. It grows to 50 cm, the maximum weight is 3 kg. There are such types of crucian carp:
- ordinary or gold - common in Europe;
- silver - from the Pacific basin;
- goldfish - bred in China from goldfish.
Terms. Tenacious and unpretentious fish. It grows even in swampy and shallow reservoirs. Unlike carp, it easily tolerates a lack of oxygen - up to 1-2 mg / l and pH fluctuations. Withstands temperatures up to 36 ° C.
Feeding. Crucians are omnivorous; in nature they eat mollusks, larvae and other animals. When breeding, they feed with special food, but you can also give pork compound feed, cereals without salt.
Reproduction. Puberty - 3-4 years of life. Spawning - in the spring. Caviar is laid on the vegetation.
Breeding. Usually bred gold and silver crucian carp. Moreover, when living together, the first crowds out the second. Crucian carp is not as tasty as trout or carp, but it is bred anyway - the demand for it is high. Bred in natural and artificial reservoirs. Breeding begins with the purchase of fry. Less - they grow slowly, light weight and are inferior to carp to taste. Plus - ease of breeding, feeding and low cost of growing.
Wintering. Easily tolerates cold - goldfish can come to life, even freeze in ice.
Silver carp
Large deep-sea fish, growing up to 1.5 m. Weight - up to 27 kg. There are individuals up to 50 kg. Color - from silver-white to white. The head is large, with a wide forehead. The head weighs up to 20% of the total mass. Eyes - at the bottom of the head - it is like a silver carp inverted. There are three types of silver carp:
- ordinary or white - the most common;
- motley - larger, but its head makes up 50% of the body;
- hybrid - combines the best features of white and mottled appearance.
Terms. They like warm water - it is desirable that it be warmed up to 25 ° C. This temperature is needed for maximum weight gain. They grow best in muddy ponds up to 4 m deep. The oxygen content is up to 4 mg / l.
Feeding. In nature, it feeds on plant foods and phytoplankton. Motley also eats zooplankton, so it grows faster. Eats artificial feed.
The silver carp, from the point of view of the diet, gets along well with grass carp, and the motley one competes with carp.
Reproduction. It can breed from 3-5 years. Spawns in early summer, after warming the water to 20 ° C. Caviar is floating. Separate from the main pond, places for spawning are organized. Spawning grounds are needed in May-June - for two weeks.
Breeding. Silver carp takes its presentation in two to three years - fish gain 0.5-0.6 kg. He has delicious, tender meat. Silver carp is better to breed in unshaded ponds with a muddy bottom. The ideal depth is 3-4 m. Dawn and sunset, this fish spends in shallow water, and at lunchtime goes to the depth.
Wintering. Individuals left for next year - for posterity, winter in a separate pond, in which they are kept until spawning.
The specialist talks about breeding silver carp at home:
Carp
Fish order cyprinids. The closest relative, or rather the ancestor of the carp, which is the fruit of domestication of carp. In carp, in contrast to carp, there is always a scale. He has a more elongated body, and it grows in length, and not in width, like a carp. Adults grow up to 50-60 cm, rarely - more than 1 m. Maximum weight - 20 kg.
Terms. The fastest growing at 25-29 ° C. If the temperature drops below 12 ° C, the common carp stops eating. He does not like temperature rise above 30 ° C. From a lack of oxygen, the fish may die.
Feeding. Not picky about food. Young growth eats plankton, adult individuals are omnivorous - eat larvae, algae, insects, crustaceans. Sazanov is fed with animal and vegetable feeds - oilcakes and meal, sunflower, castor oil, etc.
Reproduction. Puberty - in the 3rd year of life. Spawning occurs at 18-20 ° C. Spawning - from April to mid-July.
Breeding. The most difficult thing is to buy a wild carp fry. “Savages” are not bred in “sterile” conditions - water must stand before the carp is released there - a living biological environment is needed. The ideal depth of the pond is 1.5-2 m.
Wintering. In winter, it is recommended to catch carp in the water - if icing occurs, they may die from a lack of oxygen. The second option is to create recesses up to 5 m in a separate section of the pond.
Tench
It has a golden color and dark eyes. It grows up to 20-40 cm, maximum - 70 cm. Weight - up to 7.5 kg. The body is tall and thick, covered with small scales and thick mucus.
At all times, Lin was appreciated by gourmets - he is especially good in fried form. He was also used by doctors - for example, headaches were treated with the liver.
Terms. Unpretentious to the conditions of detention. Thanks to thick mucus, it is protected from many diseases. It can survive where other fish cannot take root - in muddy and peaty ponds with a low oxygen content. In winter, it can withstand a decrease in oxygen levels and pH, respectively, to 0.3 cubic meters. cm / l and 4.8.
Feeding. It feeds on small crustaceans, algae. Adult lines also eat insect larvae, mollusks. For artificial breeding, they are fed with the same compound feeds as carps, but more fine-grained. For 1 kg of growth is 2.5 kg of feed.
Reproduction. It becomes sexually mature at 3-4 years. Tench is thermophilic, spawning begins in the summer, when the water warms up to 18-20 ° C. Very fertile, the female lays up to 800 thousand eggs.
Breeding. Tench is extremely shy, so they try to combine all stages of cultivation in one pond. Bred with fry. Commodity mass reaches the second year of life. It is recommended to grow in overgrown and silted ponds with carp.
Wintering. Tench usually hibernates, burying itself in silt like crucian carp. With artificial breeding, wintering tench takes place in ordinary wintering ponds or in cages.
Roach
The roach has an oval body, flattened laterally. The scales are dense and small. On the back is a small truncated fin. Green back, white abdomen, silvery sides.
Terms. Avoids wetlands. He loves quiet backwaters. Unpretentious - survives where other fish can not. The limiting indicator is pH. For young, it should be at the level of 6.3-8.2.
Feeding. Young growth eats zooplankton. From two years old - mollusks. When breeding, you can feed with compound feeds, bread, potatoes, cereals - then the growth rate will accelerate.
Reproduction. It spawns when water is warmed up to 8-12 ° C.
Breeding. Cannot compete with carp. Moreover, earlier it was ranked as a weed fish. But roach can grow without special fattening. The disadvantage of artificial feeding is the littering of a pond by food. On such fish as roach, it is unprofitable to spend money on food. It can only be an addition to the pond, where more valuable herbivorous fish are bred. However, dried roach in the market is in high demand.
Wintering. Keeps all winter in quiet backwaters, in winter shelters. Approaches the thaw to the shore in search of food.
Rudd
The rudd is a conspicuous fish. Her body reaches a height of 36 cm and is covered with small scales. The fins are bright red. Eyes are orange. It looks like a roach and looks and habits. Toothy - two rows of teeth. It weighs 0.3-2 kg.
Terms. I'm used to living in quiet backwaters and bays - among reeds and reeds. Rarely removed from habitat. Keeps in depth. It is as unpretentious as tench to living conditions, it is able to tolerate poor water quality. More tenacious and hardy than roach. Favorable temperature for growth is -18 ... -24 ° C. The optimal oxygen content for rudd, as well as for other herbivorous fish - from 3.5 to 5 cubic meters. cm / l
Feeding. It feeds on plant food, as well as insects, larvae, and worms. In winter, herbivorous fish do not need food.
Reproduction. It breeds later than other fish - in May and early June, when the water warms up to 15-20 ° C. The female lays from 100 thousand. It is bred in ponds along with other cyprinids - they are practically not involved in specially breeding rudd. But if you need to fill the pond with all kinds of fish, then the rudd will do.
Wintering. Young growth winters among reeds, adult rudd fall for winter in October, choosing places deeper.
Chekhon
Narrow long body of saber shape squeezed laterally. The back is gray-green, the sides are silver, the belly is light pinkish. It grows to 30-37 cm. Weight - up to 1.5 kg. It looks like a herring.
Terms. Lives mainly in fresh water. This migratory flock of small fish is able to survive in water of any salinity. He loves large and deep ponds; on the coast Chekhon does not walk.
Feeding. In the third year of life, juveniles of other fish eat. Almost does not eat during spawning. He loves insects - jumps out of the water after them.
Reproduction. Spawning begins in May with an increase in water temperature to 15-20 ° C. The depth of spawning grounds is up to 1 m. Chekhon caviar differs from cyprin caviar. The eggs, swelling in water, increase to 5 mm in diameter.
Breeding. Chekhon used to be a commercial fish. It was caught on a large scale. Today, even fishermen have little interest in it. She has bony meat. True, it is tasty, fatty, the dried sackcloth is appreciated in the market. This fish is distinguished by its high populations, high growth rate and feed efficiency. Like other cyprinids, it can be bred in artificial ponds. Bred extensively - without complementary foods, and intensively - with complementary foods.
Wintering. For the winter lies deep - looking for holes at the bottom. During wintering, the sabrefish is inactive, almost does not eat.
Bleak
A small flock of fish. The length reaches 16-20 cm. Bite is a tasty and fatty fish. It makes excellent sprats. The bleak has silvery shiny sides, and the back is dark, with a low tide.
Terms. Habitat - lakes and flowing ponds. They live in small flocks that do not attract predators. Prefers to swim at a depth of 80 cm.
Feeding. Young animals feed on zooplankton and microalgae. Adults eat flies, mosquitoes, insects, eggs, vegetation, plankton, fry, and larvae.
Reproduction. The bleak becomes sexually mature by the age of three, reaching 7-8 cm. Spawning begins in May at a temperature of 15-16 ° C. Females lay three servings of eggs with an interval of 10 days. Enhanced reproduction is a distinctive feature of bleak.
Breeding. They are kept only in heavily overgrown ponds, since bleak quickly eats aquatic plants. Despite their small size, bleachers need a lot of space - for swimming, they can not be kept in small ponds. This fish is often bred in aquariums.
Wintering. Bleeding winters in the deepest places with a slow course.
Perch
This predatory fish has a body similar to a spinning spindle. On the sides it is flattened. The scales are strong, but extremely small. There are no scales on top of the head. The perch has many teeth. There are three types of freshwater perch:
- river;
- Balkhash;
- yellow.
At the perch, the fins are ventral, caudal, and anal, bright red in color. Reaches 2 kg, in length - up to 45 cm. Perch is better known as an object of amateur fishing, there are reservoirs in which it has commercial value. Perch in Russia is considered to be weedy fish, but in the USA and Canada they are bred. Perch is considered dietary fish in these countries. It reaches marketable mass in the third year of life.
Terms. Optimum temperature conditions are 18-25 ° C.
Feeding. In nature, perch eats freshwater fish. Specially, small fish are launched into the pond - for fodder.
Reproduction. Spawning begins in early spring. The female lays eggs in the form of a gelatinous ribbon. The average fecundity is 3,000 eggs. Spawning is carried out in ordinary carp spawning. The calf yield is up to 80%.
Breeding. Perch can be bred in overgrown lakes, gully ponds - where carp does not give good productivity. Juveniles can be raised together with 2 year old carp and silver carp. Planting density - up to 5000 per ha. If the density is higher, artificial feeding is needed.
Wintering. For a safe wintering aeration is organized. Through the ice hole perch feed earthworms. Fledglings overwinter in winter cyprinids.
Zander
Pikeperch is a predatory fish that prefers clean water. He has an elongated body with small scales. Large head and elongated snout. Big mouth with well-developed teeth.
Terms. Peppy perch becomes at a temperature of 8 ° C. The minimum oxygen content is 5 mg / l. The optimum temperature is 12-22 ° C.
Feeding. They feed live low-value fish - weighing up to 25 g once a week. The entire stock of fish is released into a cage or other reservoir.
Reproduction. Spawning begins at 8 ° C. Fertilized caviar can be obtained using the bottom spawning grounds or by organizing spawning in cages - on a plant substrate.
Breeding. It can be successfully bred in carp ponds, in lakes and cages. Pike perch grows especially well in oxygenated water bodies, where there are many weedy fish that go to feed it. By the age of five, it reaches a mass of 2.4 kg.
Wintering. For wintering yearlings are transferred to wintering ponds of flowing type. The minimum depth is 2 m. Sudakov transplanted into winter cages should be immersed to a depth that excludes their freezing into ice.
Sturgeon
Sturgeon fish have always been appreciated for their taste. Sturgeon is a gourmet product. Today, many of these fish are safely bred in ponds, cages or pools. This is one of the most profitable enterprises in the field of fish farming.
There are several types of sturgeon, and any option is suitable for breeding:
- Russian;
- Siberian;
- Lensky.
In 2014, sturgeon weighing 617 kg was caught in the Amur River. Cases were recorded when an individual reached a length of 5 m and weighed 800 kg.
When breeding, individuals grow, depending on the species, from 20 to 70 kg. In sturgeons, the body is shaped like a spindle, it is elongated. The head is small, with an elongated stigma, sturgeons are a picturesque fish, they are easy to recognize by their characteristic appearance. Sturgeons are long-livers, can live up to 50-60 years and more.
Terms. In order for the sturgeon to grow and develop successfully, it is necessary to provide it with optimal indicators of water quality. The oxygen content is 6-11 mg / l. The content of nitrogen, hydrogen, iron, carbon dioxide, manganese and phosphorus is also determined - exceeding the norms indicates the pollution of the reservoir, and breeding of sturgeon in it will be problematic. It can live at + 2 ... + 27 ° C, but the optimal range for growth is + 18 ... + 22 ° C.
Feeding. Sturgeon is unpretentious in food, but when breeding it is important to provide fish with a complete diet. It is recommended to feed living organisms:
- bloodworm;
- insect larvae;
- clams;
- worms.
Sturgeons are also given balanced feed designed specifically for them. There is also special food for fry, young animals, as well as for individuals used for the production of caviar. Adult fish are fed 4 times a day, fry - 6 times.
Reproduction. Females spawn from 6 years old, and in natural conditions - only for 12-15 years of life. It is extremely difficult to grow fry yourself, it is much more convenient and profitable to buy them in specialized fisheries. It is better to buy fry weighing more than 5 g. Run them in warm water.
Breeding. Sturgeon can be bred in:
- Pools. They begin to breed sturgeons in small plastic pools - a diameter of 2 m and a depth of 1 m are enough. They can produce up to a ton of live weight in a year. As fish grow, pool volumes increase.
- Ponds - natural or artificial. Pond Requirements:
- good lighting;
- foundation pit with slopes of dams;
- covering the bottom with PVC film;
- the application of organic fertilizers (hardened grass or manure);
- mineral fertilizers (superphosphate and ammonium sulfate);
- planting - suitable tillia, swamp, buttercup.
Thanks to aquatic plants, biological equilibrium is maintained in the pond, and water is saturated with oxygen. Be sure to install a filtration system.
Look here for more information on sturgeon breeding.
Wintering. In winter, sturgeons are usually transferred to wintering ponds. They continue to feed the fish, reducing their diet by several times. But Siberian sturgeon, unlike Russian, can be kept in cages submerged under ice.
The specialist talks about the features of sturgeon breeding at home:
Paddlefish
This is a relatively new fish for Russian fish farmers. She was introduced from America in the 70s. Paddlefish is a large fish, reaching a length of 2 m. Weight - up to 80 kg. He has an elongated body, tapering in the tail. The snout resembles an oar in shape. Paddlefish meat tastes like Beluga. This is one of the most beneficial for fish farming.
Terms. It prefers to live and develop in water at 20-25 ° C.
Feeding. Only paddlefish, of all sturgeon-like, feeds on zoo- and phytoplankton. His diet is similar to that of silver carp. Able to actively capture small fish and floating food.
Reproduction. Maturity of males occurs from 6 years old, in females - from 9 years. Spawning - in the spring, with an increase in water temperature to 15-20 ° C. Caviar rushes to the ground. Fertility depends on fish size and conditions. Large females (10 kg) toss at a time up to 100 thousand eggs.
Breeding. Juveniles weigh 200-900 g, two-year-olds weigh 3-4 kg, adult paddlefish weigh up to 6-7 kg. It grows well when co-grown with herbivorous fish. Tribal material is grown in ponds and cages. It is important to constantly monitor the state of water.
Wintering. It can winter long under the ice. Such an advantage makes paddlefish in demand in all regions of Russia.
Bester
This is a hybrid of sterlet and beluga, bred in the middle of the last century. It is predatory and fast in growth - like a beluga, and also early in reproduction - like a sterlet. These qualities and excellent taste of meat make Bester an enviable object of fish farming. In length reaches 1.8 m, weighs up to 30 kg. Refers to gourmet fish, like all sturgeons.
On the body - bone bugs in five rows. The snout is rounded, there is a flattened mustache, like a beluga. In appearance, the bester resembles its “derivatives” - sterlet and beluga.
Terms. Being a hybrid, fish can adapt to different breeding conditions - they are equally comfortable in both fresh and brackish water. The best growth is observed at a temperature of 20-25 ° C, so it is better to breed it in the south of the country. The optimal salinity of water when breeding bester is 10-12%. It grows better in brackish water than in fresh water. During incubation and growing of larvae, the salt content in the water should be no more than 3%.
Feeding. In order for the bester to grow quickly, it needs enhanced feeding. The diet consists of fish meal, albumin, krill meal, hydrolysis yeast and phosphatides. Feed in the mornings and evenings - twice. The frequency of feeding depends on the age of the fish, weather conditions and breeding method.
Reproduction. This hybrid is not fruitless, but in artificially created conditions it does not independently produce offspring. Fish producers caught in the spring are given special injections that accelerate the maturation of eggs. To get eggs, females are killed. Sperm from the second fish species is added to the caviar. Incubation lasts 5-10 days - depending on the temperature of the water.
Breeding. Besters are bred in ponds, cages and pools. Weight gain for the first year - up to 100 g, two-year-olds weigh 800 g or more. They are grown in ponds, along with herbivorous fish - silver carp and grass carp. Bester competes in nutrition with carp, so they are not grown together. If you create a decent fodder base in the cages - natural, then you can grow bester without artificial feeding.
Wintering. Winters without problems in reservoirs of any type. Bester is the most unpretentious species of sturgeon, which is successfully bred in private reservoirs and in ponds.
Salmon
Salmon is a collective name. About a dozen species of fish belong to salmon - pink salmon, salmon, sockeye salmon, chum salmon, taimen, coho salmon and others. All of them easily adapt to new conditions, on which their appearance - coloring also depends. The classification of salmon due to their variability is extremely difficult.
In length - from a few centimeters (whitefish) to 2 m. Salmon and taimen gain weight up to 70 kg. They live for several years, some species live up to 15 years. Salmon are arranged like herring-shaped - they previously even belonged to their order. They have a long, flattened laterally body, covered with cycloid scales. The fins do not have prickly rays. Meat is a valuable delicacy.
Terms. Very demanding on living conditions, especially on the oxygen content - it should not be less than 7 mg / l. Ideal for growth, the water temperature is 14-18 ° C. Young fish do not tolerate sunlight.
Feeding. Special starter feeds are used to feed juveniles. The composition of the feed includes fish and blood meal, fish oil, proteins and other nutritious ingredients. Adults are also fed with compound feeds, in which, unlike starters, there is less protein, but more lipids.
Reproduction. Salmon propagates only in fresh water. In captivity, it does not breed on its own. We have to artificially engage in its reproduction:
- producers are selected, which are placed separately from other fish;
- caviar ripening is waiting;
- squeeze caviar into a container;
- pour caviar with sperm and mix;
- add some water;
- after 5 minutes, fertilization will occur.
To make caviar comfortable to take, females can be given anesthesia.
Breeding. They feed well, grow in summer and winter. In Russia, salmon farming is almost not developed - trout is mainly bred.
Salmon bred:
- in artificial ponds with fresh water;
- in salt water;
- in the pools.
Wintering. Little is known about the winter life of salmon in the ocean - research in this area is still underway. And with artificial breeding, salmon is fed year-round. Diet and feeding rates depend on the temperature of the water. The lower the temperature, the longer the intervals between feedings.
Trout
Trout is tasty and not difficult to breed, which makes it one of the most popular fish in fish farming. Of the 20 species of trout, only two are suitable for breeding:
- Rainbow. Silverfish with dark spots throughout the elongated body. With artificial cultivation, it will grow up to 3-5 kg, and in length - up to 50-60 cm. Exceptionally taste - this type of trout is a priority when breeding in cold water.
- Brook. She has an inverted body with small scales. Color - from dark brown to yellow. The back is dark. The whole body is strewn with red and dark spots - for this brook trout is often called pestle. The length of adults is 25-55 cm. Weight is about 2 kg.
Terms. Ideal conditions for breeding trout - water temperature 16-18 ° C. The oxygen level is 10-12 mg / l. If it drops to 5 mg / l, the condition of the trout becomes critical; at 3 mg / l, the fish dies.
Feeding. Trout is a voracious predator; in nature, it eats all living creatures. When breeding, they can be fed dragonflies, bugs, frogs, small fish. Eats fish from 1-2 years. High protein feed is recommended. Fry is fed every 30-60 minutes for 12 hours a day.
Reproduction. The puberty of females is 3-4 years old. Males - 2-3 years. With artificial breeding, spawning time depends on temperature. Under favorable conditions, trout can spawn year-round. The female gives 2,000 eggs of yellowish-orange color at a time. Diameter - 6 mm. Weight - 125 mg. Eggs ripen in 1-1.5 months, depending on the temperature of the water. For breeding, fry are bought from the age of one year.
Breeding. It has a high growth rate. The yearlings weigh more than 20 g, the two-year-olds weigh up to 200 g, the three-year-olds weigh 900 g. When bred in cages and sea water, the fish gains 2-3 kg in a couple of years. A prerequisite for breeding is quality water with a high oxygen content.
Trout bred in:
- ponds;
- cages;
- installations of closed water supply.
Wintering. If you transfer trout for wintering from a pond to a net cage, its survival rate increases significantly.
Whitefish
Several dozen varieties of whitefish live in Russia. They have a retracted body, covered with small scales, and a very small mouth. The meat is white. Belongs to valuable breeds.
Terms. Demanding on the environment. Water temperature - from 15 ° С. The oxygen content is 8 mg / l.
Feeding. Juveniles are fed fresh zooplankton. Adult fish are given special food. Moreover, depending on age, they give different feeds differing in the diameter of the granules.
Reproduction. Spawning begins in October, at low temperatures - up to 10 ° C. Caviar is incubated for 5-6 months. When breeding whitefish, caviar is fertilized artificially.
Breeding. Whitefish are bred in ponds and pools. Yearlings weigh 16-36 g. Fish productivity is 20-215 kg / ha. The optimal planting density is 20-25 thousand units / ha. The absence of other benthophages, such as carps, is recommended.
Wintering. During this period, the whitefish feeding rate is 0.05-0.4% of the weight of the fish.
Peled
Freshwater fish from the whitefish genus. The body, squeezed on the sides, is silver, the back is dark. The head and back are covered with black dots. The size of adults is 40-55 cm, weight - up to 3 kg.
Pelyad is not safe - it is not advised to include children under one year old in the diet, and for adults - not more than 4 times a week. Overeating peled can cause heaviness in the stomach and an allergic rash.
Terms. Less demanding than other whitefish. Temperature - from 1 to 18 ° C. The oxygen content in artificial ponds is 5-8 mg / l. Light haze is allowed.
Feeding. When growing peled in mono- or polyculture with other species of fish, compound feeds are not needed. This is a planktophagus that can also feed on bottom organisms. Eats year-round - at any temperature.
Reproduction. Early maturing - females become sexually mature at 2 years of age. The favorable temperature for artificial incubation of eggs is 1-4 ° C.
Breeding. It can grow in fresh and salted water (up to 20 g / l). They stock up a reservoir in which there are no planktophages. It is cost-effective to grow with carp.
Wintering. For the winter, peled peleds are transferred to winter carp ponds. Losses during the winter do not exceed 15%.
Cod
Representatives of this detachment live in the northern hemisphere - in salt and fresh water bodies. Codfish have very small scales and there are no spines on the fins, and usually there is a mustache on the chin.
There are several varieties of cod, differing in the size and color of the meat - it is white, red, pink. Distinguish cod:
- Atlantic - grows to 90 kg. Green or olive color.
- Pacific - grows on average up to 1.2 m, weight - 20 kg. It features a large head.
- Greenland - less than the Pacific. It grows to 0.7 m.
- Pollock - small cod, weighs no more than 4 kg.
Cod is appreciated for tasty and healthy meat, in which there are almost no bones.
Terms. In pools, the water temperature is maintained at a level of 1.5-8 ° C. The oxygen content is 7 mg / l.
Feeding. Feed fish and scallops. Feeding patterns are selected depending on the age of the fish and water temperature. Usually they are fed 1-3 times, for example, substandard frozen fish and salmon pellets.
Reproduction. Spawning occurs from February to April. Caviar is taken artificially - after ripening, or harvested - caught with a net. If necessary, use hormonal stimulation.
Breeding. Cod is a commercial fish; it has always been caught on a large scale. Previously, captivity was not bred in captivity, today they are trying to deal with this matter in Norway. In Russia, breeding of marine fish is not yet developed. But given the depletion of natural reserves, the direction has prospects. They usually grow cod - they catch juveniles up to 1 kg and create optimal conditions for them to live in containers with running sea water. Proportions in the pool of females and males - 1: 2.
Wintering. In winter, cod nutrition is adjusted. This predatory fish year-round needs protein; in nature, it eats planktonivorous fish.
Buffalo
Buffalo looks like a silver crucian, with whom he is often confused. The meat of this North American fish is much more valuable than that of crucian carp. Buffalo is a hybrid bred in the USA based on crucian carp. Three species were imported into Russia - small, large and black, which in weight reach 15-18, 45 and 7 kg, respectively. Fish differ in the size and structure of the gills. Buffalo meat is valued more than cyprinids.
Terms. Prefers calm and calm waters. They grow well in ponds. More thermophilic than carps. In warm water they grow faster.
Feeding. Yearlings feed on zooplankton. When breeding, they feed with compound feed.
Reproduction. Propagate like carps. Maturity in males occurs from two years old, females - from three years. They breed in spring, spawning begins at a temperature of 17-18 ° C. During spawning, 20% of fish die.
Breeding. Grown in ponds. Underyearlings weigh 200-500 g, two-year-olds - 1500-2000 g. On 1 ha, you can grow 2-3 kg of fish. The average growth of different types of buffalo is from 700 to 1000 g.
Wintering. For the winter he leaves in pits, where he remains until spring in a state of suspended animation - until the water warms up to 13-15 ° C.
Tilapia
Tilapia bring together many fish found in water bodies in Africa and the Middle East. Mostly Mozambique tilapia and aurea are bred. All species have a short body and a massive head. On average, gaining weight up to 1 kg. Fish reproduces quickly and has tasty meat.
Terms. Undemanding - live in fresh and brackish water. The salt concentration is 15-21 g per 1 liter of water. Easily tolerate a lack of oxygen. At 25 ° C, 1 mg / L is enough for them. At 0.4 mg / l, tilapias die. Survive where other fish die. The optimum temperature for growth is 23-35 ° C.
Feeding. Feeding is recommended live feed. Fish is omnivorous and insatiable. It is possible to feed with special compound feeds.
Reproduction. Perhaps in the ponds - planted on 10 males - 50 females. This is a pond of 100 square meters. Spawning begins at a temperature of 24-28 ° C. Maturity occurs in 3-6 months. Fish spawn about 16 times a year.
Breeding. Bred in ponds, pools, cages, aquariums. Commodity tilapia - from 200 g. They grow rapidly by 3-5 g per day. The growing cycle is 180 days.
Wintering. A broodstock is left for the winter - it is kept in artificial ponds heated to 20-23 ° C. Feed based on - 2-3% of the weight of the fish.
Pike
Predatory fish that live in fresh water. Species - Amur, striped and common pike. They live an average of 20 years.
The common pike grows up to 1.5 m, weighing up to 35 kg. More often - 1 m at 8 kg. The body has a torpedo shape. The pike has a large head with a wide mouth. Coloring is determined by the habitat - mainly gray and green shades predominate. The meat is delicious, dietary.
Terms. It is steady against lack of oxygen and the raised temperatures - to 30 ° C.
Feeding. The fry are fed with zooplankton. Adults feed on small fish. Because of this, the mass cultivation of pike is not profitable, since feed is fish and requires investment.
Reproduction. You can use natural and artificial procreation. Fry is bred by trapping producers, or artificially fertilizing eggs. Favorable for the development of caviar temperature - 8-9 ° C.
Breeding. In artificial ponds, pike grows 3-5 times faster than in natural ones. The mass of yearlings is 450-800 g. Pike is a source of valuable meat, and in addition, it increases fish productivity when breeding carp, crucian carp and other fish, destroying their weed competitors. It grows well in overgrown ponds.
Wintering. This predatory fish does not sleep in the winter, just goes to the depths.
Catfish
Common catfish is a giant, reaching a length of 3-5 m. Weight - up to 400 kg. But today you rarely see catfish heavier than 100 kg. The color is often brown, the belly is light.
The family unites about a hundred species; only two species live in Europe. A characteristic feature is the absence of scales.
Terms. Optimum development at a water temperature of 20-25 ° C. The oxygen content is 7-11 mg / l.
Feeding. Young catfish are fed with zooplankton, from 2 weeks of age they feed on mosquito larvae, crustaceans, and starter feed. Further feeding is normalized depending on the weight of the fish and the temperature of the water. Two-year-olds are fed 2 times a day - they give compound feed for trout and paste-like impurities. In the diet of catfish - all river animals. They eat shellfish, worms, frogs.
Reproduction. Maturity - from the age of five. Producers are harvested a year before spawning. It begins in catfish when the water warms up to 20 ° C. Fish are transplanted into a pond of 500-600 square meters. Som in net is transferred there. For 1 female - 1 male.
Breeding. Catfish do not require large bodies of water. The density of catfish is 400-600 g of fish per 1 square. They are grown in ponds and on special farms that are capable of producing up to 50 tons of fish per year. On the farm, cultivation begins with fry. The feed consumption on the farm is 1 kg per 1 kg of live weight. An installation of closed water supply is used, which allows to unify the breeding of fish of any kind.
Wintering. In winter, juveniles are transferred to carp wintering ponds with a depth of about 2 m. Catfish are sleeping and are not dangerous during this period for other fish.
Acne
The eel has a long, cylindrical body with an elongated head. The back is flattened. Looks like a snake. In the mouth are small teeth gathered in stripes. This is a migratory fish breeding in the ocean.
Eel meat is a delicacy. It has a high purchase price - for 1 kg of live weight they ask 800 rubles. The market price is 1500 rubles.
Terms. Dilution is cost-effective if the water temperature is kept at 22-28 ° C. This requirement is the main problem when breeding eel in ponds of medium latitudes. The minimum oxygen saturation is 6 mg / l.
Feeding. In nature, this predator eats fish, frogs and other small animals. For intensive cultivation, mixed feeds and wet pastes are used. Food for eels is produced by European manufacturers.
Reproduction. Spawning begins at a water temperature of 16-17 ° C. Malkov is bought in special farms - they are only in Europe.
Breeding. Eel is now grown mainly in Japan and Europe. They are bred in ponds and pools. Ponds are made long and narrow. Females grow faster. Farm productivity - up to 5 kg / sq. In Russia, eel can only be grown using UZV technology. The equipment is very expensive - about 2 million rubles.
Wintering. In winter, acne falls into a state of suspended animation. They curl up and lie in the depths. With artificial breeding, eels are transplanted into special acne ponds.
Grouper
This exotic fish belongs to the order of percussion, to the large family of stone perches. Most of them are inedible, but there are species that are of commercial importance, grouper - of these. This ocean fish has well-developed jaws and can even swallow a person. Their meat is of interest for cooking.
Representatives of the family live in oceans, warm seas. Sizes - from 10 cm to 3 m. Relate to hermaphrodites.
Terms. They live only in warm places, so they need water with a temperature of 22 ° C. In nature, groupers at a temperature above 28 ° C sink to a depth of 20 m.
Feeding. Groupers are predators, feed on fish and other organisms.
Reproduction. Hermaphrodites themselves produce eggs, and themselves fertilize it.
Breeding. These fish are bred in aquariums for decorative purposes. The climate of Russia is not suitable for the industrial breeding of these giants.
Wintering. This fish is a resident of warm waters; therefore, it needs year-round nutrition.
Pelengas
A variety of Far Eastern mullet. It can live in the Sea of Azov. The color is light, the back is darker. In warm waters grows up to 3-7 kg. Length - 60-150 cm. Until recently, it did not have any commercial value. However, pelengas meat tastes like trout.
Terms. The Far Eastern fish perfectly adapts to any changes. It tolerates extremes of temperature and salinity.
Feeding. Eats bottom sediments, invertebrates. This is the orderly of the bottom of the reservoirs. When breeding, they feed with special compound feeds.
Reproduction. The easiest way to buy individuals for breeding. Spawning usually begins in May with increasing water temperatures to 18-24 ° C.
Breeding. Bearing plants are bred in artificial ponds and pools. Depth - 3 m. Fish needs darkness and deep pit places.
Wintering. Fledglings overwinter in wintering pits from a depth of 1.5 m. In adults, wintering begins in late October.
We examined not only the most popular fish in artificial breeding, but also those that are just beginning to attract interest among domestic fish farmers. Perhaps, having estimated the scale of the enterprise, you will also want to do a profitable and interesting business - raising marketable fish.
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Russia. City Novosibirsk
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